Newspaper Articles

Set Your Lawn Free

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By Dawn Pettinelli, UConn Home & Garden Education Center

Dandelions growing uncontrolled in a lawn.
Photo by Dawn Pettinelli

For many, the sight of a lush green lawn brings about the desire to cast off one’s shoes and stroll through the sun-warmed grass feeling the soft verdant carpet below. Lawns, or at least grassy areas, are a ubiquitous part of almost every home outside city limits. While admittedly that perfect lawn is a source of curb appeal and homeowner pride, in recent years considerable attention has been given to the ecological and environmental costs of maintaining turf that is the envy of the neighborhood.

Managed turf grass areas, including golf courses and park areas cover about 8 percent (400 square miles) of the land area in Connecticut. That perfect lawn typically requires supplemental irrigation, fertilizer, regular mowing and often pesticide applications. Water could be better used for drinking, other domestic uses and just left in natural systems. Excess nutrients as well as pesticides can be found in ground and surface waters causing both human health as well as ecosystem problems. While some are turning to electric mowers and blowers, gas-powered equipment dependent more on fossil fuels, are most prevalent (at least in my neighborhood) contributing to climate change.

So what is a residential lawn owner to do? The authors of Redesigning the American Lawn were among the first to coin the term “freedom lawn.” So, what is a freedom lawn? Basically, anything that is green is allowed to grow. That would include dandelions, self-heal, violets, bluets, buttercups, clover and wild strawberries to list a few of those so-called “low growing broad-leaved plants”. By my definition, weeds are plants growing in the wrong place, so the plants are weeds no longer when accepted as part of the lawn.

One of the greatest reasons for encouraging a variety of plants to inhabit turf areas is that the world is facing a critical loss of biodiversity. There are significant declines in beneficial insect, native plant and bird populations, along with other living organisms. While that lush green lawn offers aesthetic pleasure to some, it does little to provide habitat or food for creatures other than problematic ones like grubs or chinch bugs.

A mixed grass- herbaceous plant lawn will contain flowering plants for pollinators and other beneficials. Various plant species have varying root systems. Some have deep taproots that break up compacted soil and bring up minerals. Others have more fibrous root systems that are continuously turning over added organic matter to the soil. A variety of plants along with their root exudates and associated microbes can help aggregate the soil, improving air and water passage. Porosity plus water holding capacity can be increased as well as lessening the potential for topsoil erosion. A healthy plant community usually portends a healthy soil.

Leaning into a freedom or pollinator lawn does not mean digging up one’s entire lawn and reseeding it although that is one option. Two seed mixes that I have seen advertised are Flawn and Fleur de Lawn. Both contain a mixture of fescues, microclover and the latter, some other flowering species. Probably greatest success with these seed mixes would be achieved starting with bare soil.

One can start encouraging biodiversity and pollinator plants by discontinuing the use of herbicides and allowing some flowering plants to move in. Often, they can be mowed before they set seed. When reseeding bare spots, use more drought tolerant fescues or native grasses like little bluestem to reduce the need for irrigation, once established. Higher mowing heights up to 3 or 4 inches will encourage deeper rooting of all plants making them more resilient during periods of drought.

Learn about the benefits of some of the low-growing broad-leaved plants that want to call your lawn home. Clovers add nitrogen to the soil reducing the amount of fertilizer necessary. Violets are host plants for the endangered regal fritillary. Dandelion greens are a great source of vitamins A and C. It is true that many of these plants are not native, but neither are the cool season turf grasses normally found in lawns.

In many yards, keeping part of it in lawn is essential for children’s play and sports activities, pet areas and entertaining. Take a tour of your yard and determine where a lawn makes sense and where it might be more appropriate for woody plants, ornamental beds or even a vegetable garden. Steep slopes or perpetually shaded areas may be best for groundcovers. Areas where water frequently collects after heavy rains might be more suitable for a rain garden.

However small, every effort to encourage biodiversity, provide for our beneficials and improve soil health is a step in the right direction. Rethinking your lawn areas might be a good place to start.

For information on lawns or any other gardening topic, call the UConn Home & Garden Education Center (toll-free) at (877) 486-6271 or email us at ladybug@uconn.edu or visit our website, www.homegarden.cahnr.uconn.edu.

This article was published in the Hartford Courant May 18, 2025

Spring Landscape and Garden Issues in 2025

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By Pamm Cooper, UConn Home & Garden Education Center This spring has been a dramatic one as ornamental trees and shrubs are putting on quite a colorful floral display. Many deciduous ornamentals including redbuds, forsythia, crabapples, fruit trees, quince azaleas and many others were not adversely affected by last summer’s drought and the cold, windy winter and frozen soils that followed. A lesser noticed but significant drama is the negative effect these same environmental conditions had on ornamental and native evergreens. 

Rhododendrons and ‘Green Giant’ arborvitae seemed to suffer the most damage followed by cherry laurels and hollies. Last year’s drought conditions that extended into late fall combined with very windy winter conditions and frozen soils were tough for some evergreens. Winter desiccation injury on broadleaved and needled evergreens causes foliage browning when plants cannot take up the water needed to keep foliage healthy. Damage to many rhododendrons and some azaleas could be seen during the winter and is still evident this spring. Buds may provide new leaves by June if branches are still alive.  

In contrast, 'Green Giant’ arborvitaes suddenly showed symptoms after warm weather began this spring. This was evident especially in trees on windy sites. Needles are brown or off color and time will tell if they are able to recover. If branch tips are flexible and show new buds, growth may resume. Prune any dead branches that show no signs of recovery. 

Large tent like structures with little caterpillars inside them in the crotch of a tree branch.
Eastern Tent Caterpillars in a Black Cherry Tree. Photo by Pamm Cooper

Eastern tent caterpillars have hatched from overwintering egg masses on native black cherries. Silken nests are evident located in crotches of these trees. Caterpillars feed outside the tents at night and hide in them during the day. There is only one generation, and feeding is generally finished by late June. Trees have time to leaf out again to remain healthy during the growing season. Birds like cuckoos and vireos will rip tents apart to feed on the caterpillars. 

If you have Oriental lilies, be alert for the lily leaf beetle. This bright red insect can severely defoliate these lilies. Adults overwinter in soil close to the plants they were feeding on the previous season. They appear as soon as lilies begin new growth above the ground. Leaf undersides should be checked for eggs and larvae and crushed when found. Leaves can be treated if needed with a product that larvae will ingest as they feed on the treated leaves. Never spray flowers with any insect control product and always follow directions as written on the product label. 

Snowball aphid feeding damage is noticeable on the new leaves of European cranberry bush and snowball viburnums. As the aphids feed on the new leaves and twigs, leaves curl and twigs twist in response to aphid feeding on the sap. Aphids can be found by uncurling the leaves. Treatment is difficult as they are not out in the open where contact control products can reach them. Feeding should end within two months of egg hatch. These aphids overwinter as eggs laid on the branches of host viburnums. 

Viburnum leaf beetles, Pyrrhalta viburni, are another significant pest of ornamental and native viburnums. They’re active soon after viburnums leaf out. Damage will be seen as larval populations grow and they skeletonize leaves. Some viburnums may suffer complete defoliation. This pest prefers arrowwood, European cranberry bush or American cranberry bush viburnums. Try switching to resistant varieties such as V. plicatum and Korean spicebush viburnum V. calesii if leaf beetles are a chronic pest. 

If anyone has small St John’s wort shrubs or certain weigela cultivars that seem to be dead, wait and see if new growth resumes as it gets warmer and sunnier. The smaller St. Johns’ wort shrubs die back in fall, leaving brown stems with withered fruit. Prune these back almost to the ground as basal growth appears. Some weigela cultivars are just slowly getting started, while others are already full of leaves. Do not give up these plants but wait and see what happens in May. 

As always, our UConn Home and Garden Education Center office staff welcomes any questions gardeners may have concerning landscape and garden plants problems. Across the New England region, people are having much the same problems as we are having in Connecticut from the winter weather, but we can hope that plant recovery be swift and complete. Enjoy the growing season and stay alert- scout for pests and other problems before they get out of hand.  

The UConn Home & Garden Education Center supports UConn Extension’s mission by providing answers you can trust with research-based information and resources. For gardening questions, contact us toll-free at (877) 486-6271, visit our website at homegarden.cahnr.uconn.edu, or reach out to your local UConn Extension center at cahnr.uconn.edu/extension/locations. 

 

 

This article was published in the Hartford Courant May 10, 2025

A Gardener’s Guide to Planting by Hardiness Zones

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By Marie Woodward, UConn Home & Garden Education Center

Map of Connecticut USDA Hardiness zones as of 2023. Most zones in the state are either zone 6 or zone 7.
USDA Hardiness Zone Map for Connecticut, 2023

If you are wondering whether that shrub, flower, or tree that you saw in a magazine or catalog will grow well in your garden, using a hardiness zone map is your best bet to ensure success.   

A hardiness zone map is a tool that divides a geographical area into distinct zones based on average annual minimum winter temperatures. These maps are used by gardeners and farmers around the world to determine which plants are most likely to thrive in a particular region. Each country has its own hardiness map that correlates to their climate. In the United States, the USDA publishes a hardiness zone map, which covers all fifty states and includes Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It uses climate data collected over many years from weather stations throughout a specific region. Then the data is analyzed to determine average minimum winter temperatures from different areas.  

The concept of hardiness zones was first introduced in 1927 by Dr. Alfred Rehder. Rehder worked at Harvard's Arnold Arboretum as a botanical taxonomist. He wanted to address the challenges gardeners and growers faced in selecting plants suited to their local climate. Prior to Rehder’s map, there was no standardized system for categorizing plants based on their ability to survive winter temperatures. His hand-drawn map featured eight hardiness zones and was based on the lowest winter temperatures recorded in various regions across the country. Rehder aimed to provide a practical tool for gardeners and growers. His map made it easier for them to choose plants with the best chances of survival in their region, ultimately contributing to more successful gardens and agricultural endeavors. Rehder’s innovative approach recognized the importance of adapting agricultural practices to local climates. In the 1960s, the USDA adopted and adapted Rehder's concept, creating the first official USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.  

Since its initial release, the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map has been updated several times to reflect changes in climate and the availability of more accurate data. The latest update of the USDA hardiness map was released in November 2023, jointly developed by the USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Oregon State University's PRISM Climate Group. This update incorporates data from 1991 to 2020, covering a broader range of weather stations than previous versions. One of the key findings from this update is that the contiguous United States has become approximately 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit warmer on average compared to the previous map. As a result, around half of the country has shifted into the next warmer half zone, while the other half has remained unchanged. The updated map still consists of 13 zones, but now offers more detailed information on temperature ranges within each zone, including 10-degree zones and 5-degree half zones. Connecticut has two hardiness zones each of which is divided into half zones; (6a,6b); (7a,7b), to better reflect the temperatures in the state over the past few decades.   

The importance of hardiness zones lies in their ability to help gardeners and farmers choose plants that will thrive in their specific region. By selecting plants appropriate for their zone, growers can reduce the risk of frost damage and increase their chances of a successful growing season. However, due to unexpected temperatures outside the average range, there is no guarantee that a plant won’t suffer but it does reduce the risk of plant damage. In addition to gardeners, researchers use hardiness zones to study the spread of insects and exotic weeds, while the USDA Risk Management Agency uses the map to help determine crop insurance rates for commercial growers.  

While the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is an invaluable tool, it is important to note that it is not the only factor gardeners and farmers should consider when selecting plants. Other factors, such as soil type, precipitation, and local microclimates, can also impact plant growth and survival. Gardeners should use the map as a starting point and supplement it with local knowledge and research to make the best plant selections for their specific needs. 

The development of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is a testament to the importance of adapting agricultural practices to local climates. Since its inception nearly a century ago, the map has evolved to reflect changes in climate and incorporate more accurate data. Today, the map remains an essential resource for gardeners and researchers alike, helping them to better understand and navigate the complexities of plant growth in the diverse regions of the United States. Knowing a plant’s hardiness zone when selecting that shrub, tree or flower will help you grow the garden of your dreams. 

 The UConn Home & Garden Education Center supports UConn Extension’s mission by providing answers you can trust with research-based information and resources. For gardening questions, contact us toll-free at (877) 486-6271, visit our website at homegarden.cahnr.uconn.edu, or reach out to your local UConn Extension center at cahnr.uconn.edu/extension/locations. 

USDA Hardiness Zone Map 2023

A map of the united states color coded to display the USDA Hardiness zones across the country as of 2023. Lower numbered zones are colder and each increment is based on 5 degrees Farenheit.

National USDA Hardiness Zone Map, 2023

USDA Hardiness Zone Map 2012

A map of the united states color coded to display the USDA Hardiness zones across the country as of 2012. Lower numbered zones are colder and each increment is based on 5 degrees Farenheit.

National USDA Hardiness Zone Map, 2012

USDA Hardiness Zone Map 1990

A map of the united states color coded to display the USDA Hardiness zones across the country as of 1990. Lower numbered zones are colder and each increment is based on 5 degrees Farenheit.

National USDA Hardiness Zone Map, 1990

This article was published in the Hartford Courant May 3 2025

Celebrate Arbor Day!

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By Dawn Pettinelli, UConn Home & Garden Education Center

Redbud tree in flower with tiny pink buds.
Photo by Dawn Pettinelli

Arbor Day is celebrated in Connecticut on April 25th. Since it is a day traditionally set aside for the planting of trees, perhaps you might consider adding one to your home landscape. If you haven’t the need for another arboreal specimen, then plan on giving your existing trees a little TLC.

Trees have a lot to offer. They provide us with cool shade on hot summer days, brighten our spring season with lovely blossoms, add color to the fall landscape and winter interest throughout cold, dreary days. Trees provide food, nesting sites and shelter for many animals, especially birds. They help reduce noise pollution, trap particulate air pollutants, and can alter the microclimate surrounding them.

Most importantly, trees supply plenty of oxygen for us to breathe. Each year, an acre of trees produces enough oxygen to keep 18 people alive. They also sequester carbon dioxide. Trees convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into plant matter as they photosynthesize. This has important consequences worldwide. As more and more of our forested land is being cleared, less carbon dioxide can be stored in trees and more is available to increase the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels which, in turn, can contribute to global warming.

While we can’t stop global deforestation, we can make a difference in our own backyards by planting more trees or making sure that the trees already present receive the conditions they need to thrive.

When selecting a tree for your landscape, do consider factors like its ultimate height and spread, susceptibility to insect and disease problems, flowering, fruiting and fall foliage potential, rate of growth and site requirements. Review gardening books, consult with nurserymen and maybe visit an arboretum to view mature specimens.

Trees are purchased either as dormant stock through mail order sources, containerized, or balled-and-burlapped (B & B). Dormant trees generally arrive in the spring or fall and should be soaked for a couple of hours and planted immediately. If you can’t get them in the ground right away, they can be stored in a cool place for a few days out of direct sunlight. Make sure them are kept moist.

Containerized stock can be planted throughout the growing season although cooler spring or fall is best. Hard to transplant species are best purchased this way as there is less disruption to their root system. If potbound, make several vertical cuts about one-quarter inch deep around the root ball before planting.

Purchasing B & B trees is fine for younger specimens, but often larger trees have a good portion of their roots removed in this process. This can lead to poor survival. For greatest success, choose small to medium sized trees.

A tree planted at the proper depth with the crown slightly exposed. The hole is dug twice the width as the original root ball.
Photo by Dawn Pettinelli

Holes for planting only need be as deep as the root system. The key is to make them at least 2 feet wider than the root ball. Especially in heavy or compacted soils, be sure to

loosen as much soil around the planting area as possible so roots can grow freely. The majority of roots are found in the upper 3 feet of soil.

Amendments such as peat moss or fertilizer are not necessary to add to the backfill. However, if the soil pH or phosphorus levels are low, ground limestone and bonemeal can be mixed into the backfill.

Add water to the hole before planting and let it drain. Next, position the root ball. Remove plastic mesh and cords. Burlap can be cut away as much as possible. Fill in the hole about half way. Gently firm the soil around the root ball. Don’t stomp on it or you will compact the soil. Water thoroughly and when the water drains, finish filling the hole. Make a well around the tree with soil and water once more. Apply a 2 to 3 inch layer of mulch keeping it away from the trunk. Newly planted trees need a thorough soaking each week throughout the first growing season either from natural precipitation or from you.

If you have questions about trees or any other gardening topic, call the UCONN Home & Garden Education Center (toll-free) at (877) 486-6271 or email us at ladybug@uconn.edu or visit our website, www.homegarden.cahnr.uconn.edu.

This article was published in the Hartford Courant Apr. 26 2025

Unbeanlievable: Here’s a Vegetable That Produces All Season Long 

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Abigayle Ward, Soil Science Graduate Student 

Beans of the 'Dragon Tongue' variety are. yellow with purple streaks.
Beans like this Dragon Tongue variety can add interest to your vegetable garden! Photo by H. Zidack

Full of fiber, packed with protein, and great to grow, beans have been a staple in the diet of humans for thousands of years. Native edible beans can be found on every continent but Antarctica, although many of the beans we eat today are domesticated varieties that originated in South America, Europe, and Asia. Fabaceae, the bean family, is one of the largest families of plants in the world, with over 20,000 species described. As legumes, beans can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into nitrogen useable by other plants, making them very useful to integrate into crop rotation for savvy home gardeners who want to save a little money on nitrogen fertilizer. In fact, excessive nitrogen fertilization of legumes can inhibit the natural nitrogen-fixation process, so use only a low-strength nitrogen fertilizer if absolutely necessary. Legumes can even be used as cover crops in the winter to prevent soil erosion and provide a boost to your soil health all winter long. You can direct-seed beans and still get production all season, meaning Connecticut gardeners can get beans in the ground now. 

Fava beans (Vicia faba) are grown all around the world, very adaptable to many climates, and are generally very easy to grow. They are cold-tolerant and can be grown all the way down to USDA Hardiness Zone 3. In Connecticut, for the best results, you should plant fava bean seeds in the early spring in a place that gets full sun and doesn’t stay too moist. They will take about three months to begin producing beans but will continue producing throughout the season and into the fall. Some frost-resistant varieties will even survive temperatures below freezing, and since they self-pollinate, bees are not necessary for the production of pods. Fava beans do not require trellises, but some larger varieties may benefit from cages or trellises for additional support. In the summer, pollinators love the flowers, and understandably so – bean flowers not only signal the coming produce but are also eye-catching. Many varieties have white and dark red flowers. Some varieties have pink flowers. Bean pods can be harvested and eaten whole if they are young and tender. It is important to note that some people may have an adverse reaction to consuming fava beans, a metabolic disorder called favism. Favism causes anemia in response to the inhalation of the plant’s pollen or consumption of the beans. Be sure to check with your doctor before trying these beans for the first time.  

For “summery” beans that are native to central and south America, you can try planting kidney, cranberry, appaloosa, or navy beans, all in the genus Phaseolus. Perhaps the delight of beans in the Phaseolus genera is their diversity in appearance. Appaloosa beans are especially whimsical, with white, brown, and reddish mottling. They strongly resemble the horse for which they are named. Some of these species behave like pole beans, meaning they will need to be trellised, while others behave like bushes, meaning they should not need to be trellised. The seed packet should indicate whether they will need to be trellised. As with fava beans, be sure to water Phaseolus when the soil seems dry, taking care to avoid watering the leaves. Excessive leaf wetness may increase the likelihood for fungi to grow and cause disease. 

No matter what bean you try growing, pests and disease are ever-present. Aphids, bean beetles, and European corn borer are all possible bean pests. Beans are susceptible to diseases like powdery mildew, Fusarium wilt, and bean rust. Selecting disease and pest-resistant varieties will reduce the risk of yield loss. Like most legumes, the ideal soil pH for growing beans is 6-7. Since native Connecticut soil typically has a pH closer to 5.5, be sure to send a soil sample to the UConn Soil and Nutrient Analysis Lab to test the pH (and nutrients!) of your soil before planting to ensure you get accurate recommendations for any amendments your garden may need to allow beans to thrive!  

The UConn Home & Garden Education Center supports UConn Extension’s mission by providing answers you can trust with research-based information and resources. For gardening questions, contact us toll-free at (877) 486-6271, visit our website at homegarden.cahnr.uconn.edu, or reach out to your local UConn Extension center at cahnr.uconn.edu/extension/locations. 

 

 

This article was published in the Hartford Courant Apr. 19 2025

Rocky Start for Rhododendron’s This Spring

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By Heather Zidack, UConn Home & Garden Education Center

Two Rhododendron shrubs. Shrub in the foreground showing leaf curl while shrub behind it looks healthy and is not displaying any signs of stress.
Rhododendrons are showing a varying degree of stress responses to winter conditions in the landscape. Photo by Heather Zidack

Rhododendrons are looking rough this spring. You’ve probably seen it in your yard or in your neighborhood. The UConn Home & Garden Education Center has been seeing an increase in the number of calls regarding injury or damage to rhododendrons.  In most cases, we are finding these reports to be winter injury. This is an environmental type of damage, caused by a perfect storm of conditions that we have seen throughout the state. So, let’s take a closer look into why this is happening.

Plants lose water through their leaves. During active growth, that water is constantly replenished from the roots. When the temperatures drop and the ground freezes in the winter, available water becomes limited. Plants have adapted to this in many ways. Dormancy is triggered by multiple factors, but water conservation is certainly one of those. Deciduous trees shed their leaves completely. Evergreens have developed various leaf adaptations to help with survival, too.

As broadleaf evergreens, rhododendrons have developed a waxy coat on their leaves to help prevent water loss. They also have a physiological mechanism to help defend themselves further. Just as you’d clasp your hands together on a cold winter day to shield them from the elements, rhododendron leaves curl themselves into cigar-shaped cylinders. The leading theory is that this happens to protect the leaves from further water loss. This natural defense mechanism has grabbed our attention this spring, since our weather patterns have lent a hand in amplifying a natural phenomenon.

At the end of last summer, CT started to see a moderate drought in much of the state. These conditions have persisted through this spring. Water availability was limited as plants went into the winter and remained limited throughout the season. Add in frozen soil and harsh winter winds and the environmental stress increased even more. When water is unavailable to the roots – through either freezing or drought conditions, plants lose their ability to return water to the living tissues. This drying out, referred to as desiccation, leads to winter injury or winter kill depending on the severity of damage. While we are finally seeing rain, these plants need time to recover and may not be ready to unfurl just yet.

Many have noted that some plants are faring better than others even within the same bed. This is also normal to some extent. It can be easy to forget that plants are living things in our landscapes. There is going to be variance in their ability to withstand environmental pressures and their recovery rates.

If you are seeing this in your rhododendrons, be patient this spring and monitor over the next month or so. With an increase of rain in the forecast, the extra hydration should help plants recover - or at least push out new growth. These shrubs will shed any leaves that are damaged beyond repair on their own. Do not prune or fertilize shrubs until the end of May to avoid further injury.  If we go a week without rain, consider watering your shrubs to help speed up recovery – but only water if the soil feels dry to the touch! If by mid-late May you are seeing absolutely no improvement, we start to consider other factors that may contribute to the plant’s health. For now, they just need a little more time.

The UConn Home & Garden Education Center supports UConn Extension’s mission by providing answers you can trust with research-based information and resources. For gardening questions, contact us toll-free at (877) 486-6271, visit our website at homegarden.cahnr.uconn.edu, or reach out to your local UConn Extension center at cahnr.uconn.edu/extension/locations.

This article was published in the Hartford Courant Apr. 12 2025

What’s That Smell? CT Dairy Farmers Hard at Work

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By Abigayle Ward – Soil Science Graduate Student, UConn Department of Plant Science & Landscape Architecture

Two dairy cows at their feeding trough
Connecticut dairy cows enjoying some feed and the sunshine. Photo by Nora Doonan, UConn Soil Science Graduate Student

As temperatures warm up, perhaps you feel inclined to open windows to let some fresh air into your home or to feel the breeze on your morning commute. But then it hits you: The pungent aroma of freshly-spread manure. The few weeks that the smell persists serve as a reminder of the agricultural roots of Connecticut. Dairy farming began during the American colonial period in the 1600s, and milk remains one of the most important agricultural products in Connecticut. Some dairy farms have been in continuous operation for over 10 generations.  

A single cow can produce around 100 pounds – about 18 gallons – of manure per day. Connecticut is home to nearly 19,000 dairy cows, so you do the math – that’s a lot of manure!  

Typically, farmers spread manure on their crop fields twice per year: Once in the early spring, and again after corn harvest, usually in late fall. Manure is rich in nutrients, which helps grow the crops farmers use to keep happy cows throughout the year. Manure is also an excellent source of organic matter, which enriches the soil with carbon, provides nutrients to support healthy soil microbiomes, and gives our sandy Connecticut soils structure, which is essential for happy crops and high yields. 

Many Connecticut dairy farmers are also on the forefront of research and development. In Coventry, Hytone Farm uses a brand-new anaerobic digester to harness the power of microorganisms to break down thousands of gallons of manure and food waste every day. Biogasses, such as methane, are collected and can be used to generate electricity. The solids, called “digestates”, can be used as fertilizer, animal bedding, or even as building materials. Freund’s Farm in East Canaan has been turning digestates into compostable, nutrient-rich CowPots, which can be buried directly in your garden and will biodegrade over time. Running since 1997, Freund’s is home to one of the first anaerobic digesters in New England. Collins Powder Hill Farm – home of the Collins Creamery – makes and sells compost from leaves and manure. All these practices help these local farms, and many others, increase carbon sequestration, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and yes, reduce the smell of manure. 

For home gardeners who wish to harness the power of manure, applying a commercially produced manure compost is the safest route. While applying raw manure is safe for crops that will not be consumed by humans, composted manure is recommended for application in gardens where human food is being grown. The composting process heats up the manure to temperatures that kill pathogens, such as E. coli, which could make you sick. Furthermore, composted manure should be odorless – getting your garden many of the benefits without the smell! 

While the smell may be a mild inconvenience now, it is a sign that our dairy farmers are hard at work, continuing a tradition older than our country and serving our communities. You can support our state’s dairy farmers by purchasing locally-produced dairy products, adding some composted manure to your garden, and – of course – waving to the tractor drivers!  

The UConn Home & Garden Education Center supports UConn Extension’s mission by providing answers you can trust with research-based information and resources. For gardening questions, contact us toll-free at (877) 486-6271, visit our website at homegarden.cahnr.uconn.edu, or reach out to your local UConn Extension center at cahnr.uconn.edu/extension/locations. 

This article was published in the Hartford Courant Apr. 5 2025

Potted Plant Paradise

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By Dr. Matthew Lisy, UConn Adjunct Faculty
UConn Home & Garden Education Center

Finally, spring is here! It will soon be time to repot all our houseplants as soon as the cold weather completely stops.  Many of the plants purchased over the winter, as well as the ones sitting around for years should be repotted.  This does not imply that the pot size needs to be increased.  Many times, the plant can be left in the same size pot.  If it is rootbound, and the plant is known to get large, it’s good to go one pot size up.  Increasing the pot size when it is not needed just leads to root rot as the soil will not dry out properly.  Alternatively, if the plant is getting big, another option is to divide it into numerous smaller plants, each requiring a smaller pot.

Different varieties of Sansevieria in separate pots
Various Sansevieria species waiting for spring to be repotted – the three in front need bigger pots, and the rear one needs to be split. It’s best to repot during the growing season in order to avoid root rot. (photo by M. Lisy).

Many people think that if the pot size does not need to increase, then there is no need to repot.  This could not be further from the truth.  The plant is in a fixed medium.  The soilless mix will quickly run out of nutrients, even with regular fertilization.  Also, salts tend to build up in the soil, which harms the plant over the long run.  This is a natural consequence of plants in pots.  Soil can also get compacted too much over time and interfere with proper aeration of the root zone.  Tease away the loose soil from the root ball being careful not to break the roots.  Add the new soil and watch the plant grow!

This is also a great time to change out the pot.  Most of our houseplants come in plastic pots.  These are usually not very attractive.  Plastic pots are good for plants that like to be kept moist.  I prefer a clay pot in most cases.  This allows the soil to breathe and makes it harder to over water.  What I do not care for or recommend are the automatic watering pots.  I have found that these have a tendency to keep the soil too moist, and do not allow for a drying out period between waterings.  Stores use them as they require no maintenance from their staff, and the plants cannot wither and die due to lack of water.  Long term, these types of pots lead to root rot.

Different plants have different soil needs.  Cacti and succulents like it dry and fast draining.  Orchids like it airy and chunky.  Most houseplants prefer a mix that holds moisture but drains.  Try and match the plant to the right soil type.  There are great commercial mixes available for purchase, and prices on these have come down some lately.  Take some time to research the proper soil type for each plant.  Many of the plants take a typical houseplant mix, but some require additional drainage.  In this case, add perlite and/or sand.  To enable to soil to hold moisture for a longer period of time, add some vermiculite.

In all honesty, almost any soil can work for almost any plant provided that the watering is controlled.  Most of the time, houseplants get overwatered which leads to fungal problems.  People want to water at some magical interval, like every Friday, for example.  In reality, the weather greatly influences how quickly or slowly our plants dry out.  Sometimes they need water sooner, and sometimes they do not need water at all.  Let the plants determine the watering schedule.  If all these suggestions are followed, our plants will be living in a potted paradise, as will we!

The UConn Home & Garden Education Center supports UConn Extension’s mission by providing answers you can trust with research-based information and resources. For gardening questions, contact us toll-free at (877) 486-6271, visit our website at homegarden.cahnr.uconn.edu, or reach out to your local UConn Extension center at cahnr.uconn.edu/extension/locations.

Ready! Get Set! Spring Into Action!

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By Dawn Pettinelli, UConn Home & Garden Education Center 

Climbing temperatures and longer days signal springtime! Time to pull out the rakes and wheelbarrow from the shed and get out in the yard. Take a stroll through the lawn areas and gardens and note what tidying up needs to be done. Pick up fallen twigs and rake up areas where leaves accumulated over the winter.  

Lawn torn up by snow plow damage.
Lawns can be damaged Photo by Dawn Pettinelli

 While we did not have a severe winter, there was some necessary snow and ice removal around driveways and walks. Often the lawn next to these areas has gotten ripped up or compacted and is in need of repair. Rake up the damaged sections and add topsoil if needed to level out the area. Then scratch up the surface and put down some grass seed. Usually at this time of year, little irrigation is necessary but be prepared to lightly water if dry, sunny conditions prevail. Another option is to line your driveway with tough groundcovers or pollinator friendly flowers although this can be challenging if drivers routinely miscalculate their parking abilities.  

 Speaking of lawns, check to see that your lawnmower and weedwhacker are in working order. Wait until closer to the beginning of April when lawns actually start to green up before applying limestone or fertilizer. They can be purchased now, however, so you’re ready to go when grass starts growing and the ground is dry enough to walk on. Crabgrass controls can be put down about the time the forsythia is in full bloom.  

Next take a good look at your woody plants – your trees and shrubs. Some of us experienced pretty icy conditions over the winter that caused a fair amount of breakage. Remove any cracked or damage branches. Cut back to a bud, stem or the ground depending on where the damage occurred. Now before the plants leaf out is a great time to prune. After removing dead and damaged stems, cut out any crossing or rubbing ones, those that are too crowded, and then prune for desired height and shape. Keep in mind the plant’s mature size as you prune. Better to select a plant that fits its space than to continue hacking it to the size you desire. This is also a perfect time to prune fruit trees such as apples and pears, and also blueberry bushes.  

By now your vegetable garden should be all planned out and seeds purchased, or at least ordered, as well as onion sets or plants, seed potatoes and sweet potato slips. Tomato and pepper seeds can be started in soilless media indoors. I prefer to plant 2 seeds of tomatoes in each cell of a 4 pack and 2 seeds of peppers in each cell of a 6 pack, because the peppers take longer to germinate and grow slower than tomatoes. Seeds are set about a quarter inch deep in the moistened media and kept about 70 degrees F under fluorescent lights. After the seeds germinate and the seedlings grow their first set of true leaves, the weaker of the two plants, if both seeds germinate, is removed.  

Purple Morpo pansies with large purple flower heads in a pot.
Photo by Dawn Pettinelli

Cool season vegetable seeds should be collected or purchased for early plantings. These include peas, radishes, lettuce, spring turnips, spinach, chard and many Asian greens. A few warm days might have us chomping at the bit but wait until the soil temperature reaches 45 degrees F. How would you determine soil temperature? Using a soil thermometer, insert it into the soil where you want to plant your seeds about 1 to 2 inches deep and take a reading in the morning and then again around 2 pm. Shade the thermometer if in direct sun. Average the two readings and plant when there are a few days of at least 45 degrees F and the weather forecast is favorable.  

Many of us are not cleaning up perennial gardens in the fall so that beneficial insects can overwinter in debris. You can start going in now and cutting down stems and tidying up. Fall bloomers like asters and mums can be divided. Limestone can be added if necessary but wait to fertilize when new growth appears.  

 The warmer weather puts a smile on our faces and we can share the joy of spring by planting pansies with their abundant blossoms and cheery faces. One can never have enough pansies, or at least, I feel that way. Get out and welcome spring, spruce up your lawn and gardens and be thankful that winter is over! 

 For questions on these or other garden chores or on other gardening topics, feel free to contact us, toll-free, at the UConn Home & Garden Education Center at (877) 486-6271, visit our website at www.homegarden.cahnr.uconn.edu or contact your local Cooperative Extension Center. 

This article was published in the Hartford Courant Mar. 22 2025

Have You Tested Your Well Lately?

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By Alec Janis M.S. – Connecticut Institute of Water Resources

Cross-section of how water moves underground.
Cross-section of how water moves underground. Photo created by Alec Janis, M.S.

In 1718, in what is now Franklin, Connecticut, a well was dug as an all-purpose public source of water for the community. In about 1755, the people began to complain about the water’s quality, saying it stained clothes and remained tainted until 1794, when an earthquake shook the town. After the earthquake, it was found that the well had been restored to its original quality. Although this is a more extreme example, the quality of your well water can change at any time, which means that just because it was safe to drink when it was installed, that may not be the case today.

The Connecticut Department of Public Health recommends that all residents test their wells every two to five years. If you’re struggling to remember the last time you tested your well, you’re not alone. We estimate that 96% of Connecticut well owners do not follow these guidelines.

So how does your well work? When it rains, some water is absorbed by the plants in the landscape, but they can’t uptake all that water. After water travels past the plant roots, it continues until it reaches an area where all the spaces in the soil have been saturated. This is known as the water table. Think of the soil like a sponge; as you add water, the water fills all the holes and space inside until it’s completely soaked through. If you have a shallow well, your water is being pulled directly from this water table.

If you have a drilled well, your water comes from much further underground. Below the saturated layer of soil, there’s solid stone called bedrock. Throughout the bedrock, there are small cracks, called fractures, where water moves. You can see an example of this when passing a rocky cliff face along the highway that seems to be randomly covered in ice.  The ice you see has formed from water that has made its way through soil on top of the ledge, into the fractures in the stone and eventually drips out of small cracks where it freezes in the cold air. A drilled well is a bored hole in the bedrock, intersecting many fractures. Instead of following the original path, water now pours out of the fractures and pools in the newly formed hole.

Now that we know how water travels, let’s consider everything the water is interacting with on its way down. Consider the animal waste on your lawn from a pet or a passing deer, the fertilizers or pesticides you may use on your lawn, or even the de-icing salts you put on walkways during the winter. Precipitation, in the form of rain or snow, pulls everything underground. However, not all of this will end up directly in your well water. The dirt acts as a filter stopping some contaminants while letting others through. Depending on the chemical make-up, certain compounds will remain in the soil while others will break down and continue to travel through.

When this water reaches the bedrock, it will continue to pick up and lose different chemicals. This process will slowly erode these cracks, causing the paths to change over time. As the stone erodes, metals and minerals will be picked up with the traveling water and occasionally end up in your drilled well.

This is why it is important to routinely test your well water quality every few years. As water erodes fractures in the bedrock, new cracks and pathways form, changing the contaminants that are entering your well. We currently don’t have a simple method to track how groundwater is moving, so testing is the best way to understand what’s happening in your well.

To get your well tested visit a local or lab participate in the UConn Extension well testing program. We are hosting a collection event at the UConn Extension - Middlesex County Extension Center (1066 Saybrook Rd, Haddam, CT 06438) on May 3rd from 10:00am – 1:00pm. These tests test for coliform bacteria, lead, arsenic, uranium, nitrates, sodium, chloride, fluoride, pH, hardness, sulfate, turbidity, iron, and manganese. These tests, normally valued at $350, are being offered for a reduced cost of $200.

We will mail a sample kit to participants who have signed up in advance of the collection event. Sample kits will also be available at the collection event on May 3rd as well as at the Old Saybrook Environmental Fair (Old Saybrook Middle School, 60 Sheffield St, Old Saybrook, CT 06475) on April 26th.

Participants can sign up online at https://s.uconn.edu/haddam-well-testing. The deadline to be mailed a sample kit is April 25th.

If participants cannot make the day above, we offer a walk in service year-round where participants can bring their water sample to the UConn main campus Monday through Thursday from 8 am – 5 pm. For more information on how to sign up, visit https://ctiwr.uconn.edu/walk-in/.

We support UConn Extension’s mission by providing answers you can trust with research-based information and resources. For home gardening questions, contact the UConn Home & Garden Education Center at homegarden.cahnr.uconn.edu, or reach out to your local UConn Extension center at cahnr.uconn.edu/extension/locations. For more information about the CT Institute of Water Resources and Well testing services, visit https://ctiwr.uconn.edu/

This article was published in the Hartford Courant Mar. 15 2025 and printed in The Chronicle in the same week